Synthesis and Purification of Acetylsalicylic Acid Essay Example for Free

Amalgamation and Purification of Acetylsalicylic Acid Essay Amalgamation and Purification of Acetylsalicylic Acid (ASA or Aspirin) Background Salicylic corrosive is a phenol just as a carboxylic corrosive. It can in this manner experience two unique kinds of esterification responses, making an ester either with the hydroxyl or with the corrosive. Within the sight of acidic anhydride, acetylsalicylic corrosive (ibuprofen or ASA) is shaped. Correspondingly, an abundance of methanol will shape methyl salicylate, which is likewise a pain relieving. In this test, we will utilize the previous response to get ready headache medicine. Salicylic corrosive won't respond fundamentally with acidic corrosive to deliver anti-inflamatory medicine. Acidic corrosive anhydride, be that as it may, is more responsive than acidic corrosive in light of the fact that the acetoxy bunch (- O2CCH3) is a vastly improved leaving bunch than the OH-of acidic corrosive. The response has one difficulty, notwithstanding, in that an esterification can happen between the phenol and corrosive bit of neighboring salicylic corrosive atoms. Further, more atoms can tie to the staying free substituents on these particles to make a macromolecule, or polymer. The polymer is framed as a side-effect. Acetylsalicylic corrosive will respond with sodium bicarbonate to frame a water-solvent sodium salt, though the polymer stays insoluble. This distinction can be utilized to cleanse the headache medicine item. The most probable polluting influence in the last item is salicylic corrosive, which can be either unconsumed reactant, or the aftereffect of hydrolysis of the anti-inflamatory medicine item. Salicylic corrosive is expelled during the refinement ventures also. Salicylic corrosive, as most phenols, frames an exceptionally hued complex with ferric chloride, and is effectively distinguished. Ibuprofen doesn't frame the shaded complex in light of the fact that the hydroxyl has been acetylated. Give classified and test MP’s to item. Report mass and moles for the reactant and item, and figure yield % on a molar premise. Component The system is called nucleophilic acyl replacement. It is comparable, however not indistinguishable, to the hydrolysis on pg 802. The entering nucleophile is salicylic corrosive, not water. On the subsequent tetrahedral halfway, the H from salicylic corrosive moves to the center O on the anhydride. At long last, the leaving bunch is acidic corrosive, not chloride. No base is included. Give structures of all intermediates in your lab report.

Christian Art Essay Example For Students

Christian Art Essay For a large number of years, main considerations that impact a general public are the effectsof such things as religion, government, and craftsmanship. At the point when individuals study history, artdoes not appear to assume such a significant job. Nonetheless, craftsmanship encourages us understandhow a general public feels, thinks, and takes a gander at the environmental factors which in they live. Ministerial craftsmanship or usually know as Christian workmanship goes back to the first andsecond hundreds of years. The primary impacts of Christian craftsmanship were accepted to beRoman in nature. While different students of history feel that the Christian workmanship influencecame from the east, especially the Orient. The main know works of Christianart were found in the Roman tombs. The works discovered there were considered tobe done during the first or second century. An issue with finding at workmanship in aChristian nature is exceptionally muddled during the first and second hundreds of years, duethe religion despite everything being little. During this time it is accepted to be moredecoration then truly workmanship. Students of history feel that the main looks at craftsmanship arenot agnostic, but instead ornamentation. There likewise is by all accounts no genuine example ofitems that can be viewed as Christian other then a recognizable repeat ofvines. Imagery is seen mor e in the second century in open graveyards. Theseworks of craftsmanship were fairly extraordinary then agnostic workmanship during this equivalent time. Twoexamples of this would be the pigeon and the fish. Both of these images could berecognized by ordinary individuals, however were not utilized in agnostic adornment, hence havingto be achieved by some sort of Christian impact. After the triumph ofConstantine, and around 313 A.D. to the fifth century came the primary birth ofChristian workmanship. Models would incorporate workmanship seen on the dividers of Roman catacombs,also the accepted figure of Christ transformed from a smooth decent shepherd to abearded man. Christ additionally was portrayed as standing or sitting with a mentality ofauthority. During this timespan, the Greek monogram of Christ was produced intoGreek landmarks and even into the coinage of the time. The torturous killing of Christwas not yet utilized or truly know during the hundreds of years paving the way to the fifthcentury. In any case, the main portrayals of the torturous killing were only aplain cross with the figure of a sheep. The known image of Christ dangling from across was seen to some degree in the fifth hundreds of years on such things as cut on thedoors of Sta. Sabina in Rome or in the British Museum Ivory. This again wasstill once in a while found and was not in like manner use till it began to show up infrescoes or mosaics after the hour of Justinian (527-565). From the third tofifth century, the Christian church was all the while utilizing a great deal of embellishment structures ofart. The majority of these structures are of glass, or mosaic in nature. Each of theseglass structures had portrayals of Christ and the Apostles, too asdrawings in gold leaf which alluded to the supernatural occurrences that Christ performed. Themosaics and glass structures of the time were fairly lovely. Somewhere in the range of thefourth and tenth hundreds of years, the utilization of shad ing was presented. The first colormosaics showed up in the sepulchers, however later spread to the holy places, oratoriesand spots of love. The congregation additionally found that the utilization of mosaicspossessed a staggering since of consideration, which different strategies for decorationlacked. The time it took to make a mosaic was long and repetitive. After theoriginal configuration was drawn by the craftsman, the difficult work was finished. After theartist was done, other experts would complete the activity by setting the correctstone in the best possible spot. The craftsman was not required for this part and wasreally allowed to go and persue different works for different houses of worship. The best model ofmaking a mosaic is essentially painting by numbers. Mosaics were likewise part of thestructure in which they embellished. Mosaics didn't blur in shading nor were theyeffected by light or climate; they appear to illuminate any piece of a room inchurch. Instances of mosa ics still around today can be found at Mount Athos, nearConstantonople, and above all Ravenna, in Sicily, Rome. The motivation behind why itis so natural to see such mosaics in Ravenna is expected to the off the beaten path locationis has. In Ravenna, there are numerous works that despite everything exist today and are intheir unique condition. The most unique and immaculate mosaic exists in thebaptistery, which goes back to the fourth century. In the baptistery, you cansee a mosaic that delineates the absolution of Christ, who is encircled by the twelveApostles. It is said that as you stroll into the room the entire mosaic appears toswing and move around the room. Yet, what is extremely astounding is that the mosaicin the baptistery has been totally immaculate and is in the first conditionfrom when it was made. Ravenna is additionally home of another piece of early Christianart, the ivory seat of St. Maximianus (546-556). This seat has stayed in thecity for over a thousand years an d is viewed as one the best models ofivory cutting which is by all accounts crafted by Oriental skilled workers who served thechurch. The seat likewise portrays delineations of Christ and the tale of Joseph. .u6a170c7ea44aa49af558e11e2a19d269 , .u6a170c7ea44aa49af558e11e2a19d269 .postImageUrl , .u6a170c7ea44aa49af558e11e2a19d269 .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u6a170c7ea44aa49af558e11e2a19d269 , .u6a170c7ea44aa49af558e11e2a19d269:hover , .u6a170c7ea44aa49af558e11e2a19d269:visited , .u6a170c7ea44aa49af558e11e2a19d269:active { border:0!important; } .u6a170c7ea44aa49af558e11e2a19d269 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u6a170c7ea44aa49af558e11e2a19d269 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u6a170c7ea44aa49af558e11e2a19d269:active , .u6a170c7ea44aa49af558e11e2a19d269:hover { haziness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u6a170c7ea44aa49af558e11e2a19d269 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u6a170c7ea44aa49af558e11e2a19d269 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content enrichment: underline; } .u6a170c7ea44aa49af558e11e2a19d269 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u6a170c7ea44aa49af558e11e2a19d269 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content beautification: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6a170c7ea44aa49af558e11e2a19d269:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u6a17 0c7ea44aa49af558e11e2a19d269 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u6a170c7ea44aa49af558e11e2a19d269-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u6a170c7ea44aa49af558e11e2a19d269:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Sexual Harassment Essay During the 6th century, the longing to have Christian craftsmanship spread from thechurch to the home. By and large, numerous homes had some kind of craftsmanship in each roomof the house which the family involved. Over all, the Christian craftsmanship discovered inhomes were the homes of well off individuals who could bear the cost of such things. As forpoorer individuals, they despite everything had something that was a portrayal of Christ, ifnot a cutting outside the house or a straightforward traverse the bed. Notmuch change happened in clerical workmanship till around the turn of the medieval times. During this period Christianity had spread west and was turning out to be even moreand increasingly famous. Alongside this recently discovered ubiquity came changes in the artseen in chapels and in people groups homes. This timeframe during the medieval times is when work in polishes occurred. The veneer work done was mostly for thechurch, yet in Britain the primary uses came when it was applied to shields andhelmets. Afterward, veneers were utilized for such things as cups, shrines,candlesticks, and plaques for book covers. The most punctual case of finish workis found on the Alfred Jewel, found today at Ashmolean Museum at Oxford. Thejewel which was joined to an ivory staff and held by the elder while readingthe Book of Gospels. During the eleventh century, Byzantium seems, by all accounts, to be theheadquarters of the veneer use in the congregation. A case of this can be found onthe pectoral cross found in the South Kensington Museum. When of therenaissance the fundamental area of workmanship left Italy and moved west. The renaissancealso acquainted another route with use finishes. This better approach for utilizing lacquers wentfrom painting on things to really painting in finishes. This significant change inthe utilization of polishes occurred in France who was likewise a significant maker ofenamels. Not long after or during the later piece of the time of polishes, camethe masterful nature of weavings. During the timeframe between the twelfthand fifteenth hundreds of years, nothing was increasingly significant the weaving. Somehistorians feel that sacks, albs, stoles, and burses are to be viewed as some ofthe most noteworthy masterpieces. The best weaving work originated from England. Allthe far up to the sixteenth century there was a consistent interest for skilledembroideresses. Crafted by these ladies was very tedious and tedious,considering the entirety of the work was accomplished for the congregation. There were two reasons whyart after the sixteenth century turned out to be so significant. The well off at the timefelt it irrelevant to make the home wonderful but instead put the artisticefforts of the energy into the congregation. Making the congregation as b

Get A Better Grade in an Essay by Reading Good Essay Samples

Get A Better Grade in an Essay by Reading Good Essay SamplesGetting a better grade in an essay is possible. It requires knowledge of the essay writing technique and being familiar with essay samples. Before you get your essay out, it is important to make sure that you do some research on essay writing and sample essays to make sure that the essay you are going to write is of good quality. Knowing how to do this will not only ensure that your essay has good quality, but it will also ensure that your students will be able to be more understanding of your writing style.Essay writing is supposed to be a straightforward and plain one. A sample essay is supposed to be plain and easy to understand. Therefore, it is essential that your student can easily read your essay and understand what it is all about. The easiest way to do this is to make it the first thing they see while reading your essay. However, if this is difficult for them, then they will first have to spend some time in reading the contents of your essay and if they do not understand it, then they can ask for help in other parts of the essay such as the conclusion or body.In order to ensure that your student understands the overall topic of your essay, you should make sure that your essay is structured well. You can add bullet points at the beginning of the essay so that they can see how many points you are making in a particular paragraph. Additionally, it is vital that you state what the subject of the essay is and what you are trying to achieve through the written essay.Another thing that can help students and parents is to get an overview of the different essay samples by looking online. Searching the Internet for essays samples will give you a more wide-ranging list than the textbooks that the teachers usually give. In addition, you can look for sample essays online at no cost as long as you provide them with a link to your website or the page where you publish your own essay.Make sure that you don't forget to proofread your work before submitting it and also make sure that you try to edit it a little bit at least. If there are grammar and spelling mistakes in your essay, make sure that you correct them immediately. A better written essay can only be written better if you know what to write and if you know how to write it.Always finish your essay with a conclusion and be concise and simple at the same time. Tell your reader in a nutshell, what your main point is and the reasons why you think that your main point is better than others. Avoid using complex words in your essay as this will make your essay seem longer. Remember that a shorter and simpler version of an essay is better.Writing an essay requires a lot of patience and attention to detail. Reading a sample essay will help you create a well-organized and cohesive essay that will make you a better writer. Additionally, you can compare and contrast the samples and use the information from each essay to develop your own essa y.Always remember that an essay is never finished until the final draft and when the essay is complete, you can submit it to your student's teacher to see if it has been approved or rejected. This way, you can always know if you have done your homework or not. Finally, giving a better grade to your student will increase the amount of confidence they will gain from their work.

Four Main Causes Of World War I - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2299 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/05/17 Category History Essay Level High school Topics: War Essay World War 1 Essay Did you like this example? At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the world was seething an explosive, hair-trigger force. Capitalism was undergoing a transition to imperialism. The worlds territory was divided among the worlds most powerful nations. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Four Main Causes Of World War I" essay for you Create order Colonies were scattered throughout Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The struggle between the new empires and the old ones was getting larger and larger. In the era of the jungle, wars were quick to break out. As new forces began to snatch resources, uneven economic development and inadequate allocation of resources among countries as well as the enthusiasm of showing national status and pride, the First World War broke out in July, 1914. There were four main reasons militarism, alliance, imperialism and nationalism aroused the nerves of these Kings in this animal world. The four main reasons lay hidden dangers in these great powers and these four reasons are inseparable, intertwining together. Militarism is when a country develops strong military and advanced technological weapons to pursue its own interest aggressively, highlight the national status, and as a mean to protect, expand territory as well as a diplomatic mean to intervene other countries. A military arms race amount nations led countries constantly and intensely to create advanced military weapons, such as breech loading rifles, artillery, and machine guns. (Cleary) Strong military strength is seen as the criterion of whether a country is strong or not. Who has the most progressive military technology, sophisticated combat system and solid troops, then who is the boss. A German used to say, We have won our position through the sharpness of our sword, not through the sharpness of our mind. (Cleary) Before World War I, the most drastic forced competition was between Great Britain and Germany; respectively showing their supremacy in military powers. At that time, Great Britain possessed the strongest and best naval power which was the foundation and protection of this empire. Battle-hardened British Navy helped Great Britain win a quarter of the worlds landmass, therefore, it was called The sun never set on the British Empire. The empire had The British Naval Defense Act Of 1889, which mightily required Great Britain to maintain a navy twice as large as the next two largest navies combined. This such strict requirement and management displayed its strong military ambition and make the British Navy far ahead of other countries. In 1897, 62 warships of over 5,000 tons were possessed by the British Navy, while the Germans had only 12 warships. Britain saw Germany as a threat in its military engagement with Germany, and continued to intensify its efforts to develop its military, especially navy. As expected, solid artillery technical foundation led British Empire to create a new, fast steel ships called Dreadnought, which h ad 12 inch guns. This breakthrough allowed people to replace wooden ships that had been used for centuries with steel battle ships. Immediately, building Dreadnought as quick as possible became the primary mission. Countries aspired to create this new type of fearsome weapon. In 1914, Britain had the maximum naval personnel which was 209,000 and the largest number of Dreadnought battleships, 29, while Germany took the second place with 79,000 navies and 17 Dreadnought. (Cleary) Germany set Britain as a military target and then attempted to catch up it. Germany Kaiser, Wilhelm II believed that formidable military strength will bring Germany prestige and power. Meanwhile, Germany will be received respect from other European nations. If Germany could not possess a powerful troop and advanced weapons, there would be no place and no discourse power for Germany in many European countries. Wilhelm IIs call boosted the pass of The German First Naval Law in 1898. The law claimed to begin the process of building powerful navy. After that, the second law required to double the size of the German Navy from 19 battleships to 38. Wilhelm IIs encouragement supported the improvement of naval forces: Germany is a young and growing empire. She has a worldwide commerce which is rapidly expanding, and to which the legitimate ambition of Patriotic Germans refuses to assign any bounds. Germany must have a powerful fleet to protect that commerce and her manifold interests in eve n the most distant seas. She expects those interests to go on growing, and she must be able to champion them manfully in any quarter of the globe. Moreover, Germany had this most powerful army, the Prussian army, which defended themselves against the French in 1871, and the victory made them the most dangerous and effective military force in Europe. (Cleary) The national government constantly instilled militarism into peoples minds, regarding leaders as heroes, advocating officers, glorifying and romanticizing militarism. The nation permeated this idea into every corner. A strong military force could bring them prestige, protection, expansion and improvement of economy. It was inseparable with nationalism and imperialism. Militarism did not start World War I but it created an environment where war, rather than negotiation or diplomacy, was considered the best way of resolving international disputes. (Militarism) Alliance is an agreement of two or more countries in regard to political, military or economic cooperation. European countries had many alliances before World War I. Many alliances were short-lived. They might be alliances one second and become enemies the next second. Some were due to the emergence of new leaders or the replacement of old alliances with new ones. Some were due to the collapse of the countries or the betrayals between nations. Europe, the melting pot of ethnic and territorial disputes, is a place where change is possible and it is happening fast. For example, the Three Emperors League, established in 1873, contained Germany, Russia and Austria-Hungary. Russia quitter from the league because of the disorder in the Balkans. The league collapsed in 1878, and then Germany and Austria-Hungary formed The Dual Alliance in 1879. In 1894, the Franco-Russian Alliance formed in order to response to the formation of the Triple Alliance which included Germany, Austria-Hun gary and Italy. This military alliance also provided economic benefits to each other. (Alliances) Military alliances usually require signatory nations to support each other when they have wars with other countries. Although the alliances can make countries under checks and balances, if war breaks out, the harm of war will be huge and terrible. The Triple Alliance formed in 1882, including Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy. The agreement was driven by anti-French and anti-Russia sentiment. Each of the signatories promised to provide military support when one of them were attacked or invaded by other powers. The enemy of an enemy is a friend. Britain, Russia and France overcame cultural differences and historical tensions, then formed the Triple Entente in 1907. Britain had armed race and economic race with Germany; France attempted to recapture the provinces of Alsace-Lorraine where was ceded to Germany after the Franco-Prussian War. France and Italy also had disputes in North Africa. Russia rivaled with Austria-Hungary for the domination of the Balkans. These intertwine d conflicts and disputes divided Europe into two major alliances, which buried time bomb for the World War I that followed. The alliances created an excessively rigid diplomatic framework, within which relatively small detonators could produce huge explosions , said by A. J. P. Taylor, an English historian who specialized in 19th- and 20th-century European diplomacy. (European History) Imperialism is a system that powerful country expands its power and territory by annexing other countries or setting and exploiting colonies. Usually, colonies were controlled by the imperial nation or governed by local puppet government. Military troops stationed locally in aid of maintaining order, suppressing rebellions. Colonization allowed imperial nations to acquire abundant resources, cheap laborers and advantages of trade or commerce. Before World War I, Great Britain was the largest and wealthiest dominant imperial power in the world. It possessed a quarter of global landmass and was called the empire on which the sun never sets. Britain had colonies in every continent except Antarctic. The British Empires imperialism focused on expanding and maintaining trade. It used the colonies as factories to provide its home country with raw materials and manufactured goods as well as cheap labor. France maintained colonies in Indochina (modern-day Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia), some islands in the Pacific and Caribbean, small territories in South America and areas of West Africa and India. German colonies included a province of China, Shandong, New Guinea, Samoa, some Pacific islands and several areas in central and south-west Africa. (Imperialism) Before World War I, as empires grew stronger and larger, new empires emerging, the competition between them also became fierce. They needed more and more land, power, money and opportunities. Germany and Italy were two relative newcomers of empire-building. When they first joined this imperial group, they found out most of the worlds land had almost already controlled by their European neighbors. Germany Kaiser noticed and stared to design Germanys own imperial blueprint. He focused more on Africa. Immediately, Togoland, the Cameroons and South West Africa were put in Germanys pocket. Six years later, a large territory of East Africa became part of Germanys imperial blueprint. Germanys ambition and success of colonization in Africa were praised advocated by German population. Yet, the British Empire and the French Empire reckoned that Germany had threatened their benefits in Eastern Africa. (Imperialism) The scramble for empire in Africa caused diplomatic incidents. One of the incidents happened in Morocco in North-West Africa. Although Morocco was not a colony of France, the location of Morocco led it to be influenced by Frances control. France was trying to expand its rule in Morocco, but the German Kaiser stirred up relation between France and Morocco by giving a speech which encouraged independence. This had angered the French government and sparked wrathful diplomatic actions. When France attempted to suppress a revolt in Morocco, the German troops an armed vessel at the Moroccan port of Agadir. Germanys provocation almost touched off the war. Another event made the European situation become unstable and intense: The decline of the Ottoman Empire attracted tensions of other European nations. After several failed wars, the Ottoman Empire almost collapsed. Other empires were eager to gain territory and influence in this dying empire. Austria-Hungary, Russia, Germany, France and Britain were all had colonial and trade interests in this region. Increased intensions and struggles would happened in the Balkan sphere. (Imperialism) Nationalism is when a country put its own interest above all the other countries. It inspires peoples patriotism and sense of national honor. It requires people to be loyal to the country and consider national interests first. Nationalism is the most significant cause that sparked the World War I due to it nearly permeate to the other three main reasons militarism, alliance and imperialism. Nationalism is the base that trigger these three reasons. Countries pursued strong military strength and competed in the armed race because nationalism made them want to have the best army. National interest should be primary so alliance guaranteed its economic benefits and safe protection from another signatory. Imperialism makes full use of nationalism. Nations continuously invaded others territories, and made them their own colonies for providing economic assistance to the mother country. The interests of these oppressed peoples and nations became insignificant. Meanwhile, imperialism brought countries prestige and respect. Nationalism allowed them to infringe other countries rights and sovereignty; they would be proud of their own countries power. Nationalism persuades people that their countries are supreme in military, economic, cultural and ethnic aspects. The nationalism concept had conveyed through music, arts, theater and literature. In a bid to convince people that their own countries are supreme, literature usually slandered other countries image without logic, exaggerated facts excessively and created stereotypes. Great Britain was worried about the newcomer imperial power, Germany Empire, which had growing industrial base and expanding fleet. Germanys rising power was s threat to Britain. Nationalists continuously propagandized nationalism idea. Novels and articles about foreign conspiracy theories, foreign spies and invasions are constantly published in newspapers and books. Foreigners were often described as barbaric, vulgar and callous people. Music conveyed the message of supremacy of the country. A patriotic song had the lyrics that Britons never never will be slaves. (Nationalism) Nationalism made countries excessively confident and gave them the illusion of military strength. Countries all believed their own military capacity is the best. The British were proud of countrys naval power and developed economy. The French reckoned that they have solid defenses to block the attack of other nations. In Russia, emperor believed he and his empire are under Gods will and protection. They had the largest land force which contained 1.5 million men and its massive population made the country believe they would defeat other smaller countries easily. Germanys advantages were shown on its developed advanced military weapons and increasing battleships and U-boats. The Germans believed their Schlieffen Plan would be effective and successful. (Nationalism) Great powers were considering invasion, defense and national supremacy, while those oppressed countries were looking for independence and freedom. Slavic group was a strong strength in the Balkans of Eastern Europe. They believed that Slavic people should have their own country. Serbia held a large number of Slavic population, but it was controlled and influenced by the Austria-Hungary Empire. Slavic nationalists were outraged by the invasion of Austria-Hungary, especially the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Young Slavic nationalists joined the Black Hand group to opposed against the Austria-Hungary Empire. The combination of the belief of independence and nationalism was powerful. The assassination of Archuduke Frank Ferdinand by the Black Hand in Sarajevo directly led to the outbreak of World War I. (Nationalism) The four main causes of the World War I are closely related. A single reason is not enough to cause a Great War between several nations or between two alliances. However, when these factors come together, they increase the possibility of war. Nationalism plays the most important role in this because it led to military competition, land expansion and cliques.

Child Abuse And Neglect Of Children Essay - 1208 Words

From the time I was a little girl, I’ve wanted a child. I always loved getting new toy baby dolls, and being able to take care of them as if they were really my children. Now, at age seventeen, I still can’t wait to be a mother. I’ve always promised myself that when I have a child of my own, he or she would be my top priority and I would love him or her with everything I have. Because of this mindset, it breaks my heart when I see or hear about children being abused and neglected by their parents. According to the Children’s Bureau’s 2015 issue, there was a â€Å"nationally estimated 1,520 children who died from abuse and neglect in 2013,† (Children’s Bureau, 2015). 1,520 may not seem like a large number, but it definitely has value when the deaths of children are being discussed. Parents abuse and neglect their children every day for reasons unknown to us. However, there are always reasons for everything, and the sooner we figure out why there are parents abusing and neglecting their children, the sooner we’ll be able to save the children. Unbeknownst to many people, child abuse and child neglect go hand in hand. If one is present, so is the other. The media as well as the entertainment world, movies in particular, have placed an impression upon parents that abuse and neglect only include beating your children. While physical abuse is important to discuss, physical abuse is not the only type of abuse and neglect that exists. Scholarly, child abuse and neglect are defined asShow MoreRelatedChild Abuse And Neglect Of Children1670 Words   |  7 PagesChild Abuse and Neglect Are you a child being abused by your parent? Do you need help? Why would any parent do that to their child or children? Child abuse is common, there are many different kinds of abuse. Most of the abuse occurs within the family. Child abuse is more than bruises and broken bones. While physical abuse might be the most visible, other types of abuse such as, emotional abuse and neglect, also leave deep, lasting scars on the children (Smith, M.A, Segal). Studies have shown thatRead MoreChild Abuse And Neglect Of Children Essay1276 Words   |  6 Pages Child Abuse and Neglect Tracy Vargas Arizona State University Child Abuse and Neglect In 2002 child protective service (CPS) agencies investigated more than 2.6 million reports of alleged child abuse and neglect (Harder, 2005, p. 1). The topic I have selected for this paper is child abuse and neglect. In this paper I will provide information of the findings for four different articles, I will include results provided by each article, finding similarities or dissimilarities. TheRead MoreChild Abuse And Neglect Of Children924 Words   |  4 PagesChildren get abused and die everyday of abuse and neglect. In 2005 1,460 died throughout the year of child abuse or neglect. The majority of kids who get abused are mostly 3 years or younger (77 percent ). The United States has one of the worst records, losing on average of 3-7 kids everyday to child abuse or neglect. Throughout the year there are referrals to the state child protective services that involve 6.6 million children, and about 3.2 million of the children are subject to an investigatedRead MoreChild Abuse And Negl ect Of Children1291 Words   |  6 PagesChild abuse and neglect are highly contested concepts, underpinned by and subject to a range of political and cultural factors particular to the society in which they occur. Therefore, child abuse and neglect are not phenomena that lend themselves to easy definition or measurement (Corby, 2006:79). This means that child abuse or neglect cannot be defined unless we take the cultural context into consideration, for what is considered to be abusive or neglectful in one society could be acceptable inRead MoreChild Abuse And Neglect Of Children1400 Words   |  6 PagesChild Abuse and Neglect Child abuse and neglect refers to any way in which someone harms a child. It also includes neglecting to protect a child from harm, potential harm, or allowing a child to witness violence or abuse to others. Harm to the child may or may not be intended. Children of abuse often have no one to turn to for help. Children often feel shame about their abuse or fear their abuser. The abuser may have threatened the child if he or she tells anyone about the abuse. It is up to adultsRead MoreChild Abuse And Neglect Of Children Essay944 Words   |  4 Pages Everyday, approximately 5 children die from abuse and neglect. Child abuse is when a child is physically injured or sexually abused. 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According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Administration on Children, Youth Families, Child Maltreatment 2000, about three million children in America were involved in child abuse and neglectRead MoreChild Abuse And Neglect Of Children1846 Words   |  8 PagesThroughout history, children have been subjected to extensive abuse and neglect including but not limited to physical, sexual and psychological abuse and neglect alongside being provided with little to no rights. To combat this, individual states within our nation initiated Child Abuse reporting laws starting in 1963 which quickly spread throughout the nation. However, these laws oftentimes failed to adequately address and tr eat the extensive instances of child abuse and neglect due to lack of support

Time Management Is A Crucial Component To The Art Of Nursing.

Time management is a crucial component to the art of nursing. During nursing school, little emphasis is placed on developing the skills that will address the time constraints that nurses experience once they are employed as RN’s. New nurses have multiple demands and various conflicting problems that are simultaneously presented to them. They also face unpredictability and vast complexity in their workload. New nurses must develop a strategy and framework to help identify what works best for them by developing a routine, learning how to prioritize, and how to coordinate patient care. (Stone et al., 2015). Nursing is a very demanding profession. One of the very first skills a new nurse must learn is how to prioritize. This includes the†¦show more content†¦Efficiency and effectiveness of a routine is an important aspect of nursing. Routines give a nurse a set of expectations that need to be completed. It helps decrease thinking time because there is a sense of order. Routines are predictable and give the new nurse a sense of control, familiarity, and order. The problem with a new nurse becoming to reliant on a set routine is that they become unable of switching gears when a situation deems it necessary. It also can limit the nurse’s ability to provide individualized care as the nurse becomes so consumed with time and task.(Waterworth, Susan, 2003). New nurses often feel as though they do not have enough time to complete daily tasks. New nurses struggle with completing tasks at the expense of delivering personal, individualized care. They tend to go through the motions, completing task after task without stopping to analyze what those tasks might have revealed. An example would be gathering vitals. The new nurse methodically takes all of her vitals and records them in the computer. However, in this task centered approach, she failed to analyze the vitals and missed a red flag warning sign for one of her patients (Chan et al., 2013). 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Management Skills and Entrepreneurship Business Activity

Question: Describe about theManagement Skills and Entrepreneurship for Business Activity?. Answer: Introduction To set up a new business, there should be opportunity in the market to continue the business activity. For example, there should be proper demand for the produced goods and services; proper infrastructure and support from the society as a whole. Resources are an essential part of the business, as without sufficient capital a business cannot be established. Along with capital, human resource is a major component of a business. The entrepreneur forms a team to give a shape to the business. Entrepreneurship creates value and in this process, the persons go after possibilities and opportunities that are relatively exposed to risks (Timmons, and Spinelli 2013). Proper approach of entrepreneurship can create potential high rewards. The risk associated with the entrepreneurship of a new business is that the targeted customer according to the expectation does not recognize the value created. This leads to face financial and other difficulties of the entrepreneurial team. In contrast, if the target customers recognize the value then the entrepreneurship attains higher level of success. The process of value creation is mostly opportunity motivated. The approach of entrepreneur is led by entrepreneur and entrepreneurial team follows the entrepreneur (Hammad 2013). The success of the entrepreneurial approach depends on the creativeness and it is constraint due to limitation of resource. To enhance the possibility of success, Timmons Model can be adopted for continuation of a business model. This model is one of the most recognized models for developing a new business. This paper will focus on analyzing the three components for a successful new business. It will provide evidence from academic literature to understand the topic. Further, the paper will explain the types and need for resources; and how these are used. It will critically discuss whether the start-up has sufficient resources or not, in order to analyze the resources allow the entrepreneur to take full advantage from the opportunity available. Literature Review Critical Analysis According to the Timmons model, the process of entrepreneurial does not start with business plan; team; strategy or money. He emphasizes on three underlying forces behind a successful business, that are, opportunity; entrepreneur and resources. By maintaining this framework, risk can be minimized. This model emphasizes on the role of opportunity as a driving force of the entrepreneurship. Opportunity is crucial than knowledge or talent of the lead entrepreneur and team, as only opportunity can ensure log-term success of the firm (Moroz and Hindle 2012). Timmons Model starts with opportunity that is contrast to any traditional models starting with business plan. Opportunity refers to idea to create value to a business venture. It has been opined by many scholars that an excellent idea cannot bring success to the company. An idea is recognized to be successful when the product is positioned in the market; remain attractive; durable and has created value (Foss, Lyngsie and Zahra 2013). As the model starts with identifying the opportunity, it is good only if the market demand is satisfactory. The opportunity is given high priority as it has capability of receiving financial resources and a good opportunity can stable the business plan. The opportunity must be attractive; timely an d durable. Timmons model then emphasizes on entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship approach cannot be successful without proper leadership. The leader has significant impact on success, as his commitment and eagerness is the key driver of the success of the business (Leyden and Link 2015). Most of the individual do not prefer to engage in entrepreneurship because of the risk involvement in creating the value. Many academics focused on the solving the risk and lack of proper framework for the entrepreneurship. Timmons started to spread entrepreneurship across the world through his framework. The leader manages the resources in an efficient manner by cooperating with exogenous forces and the constantly changing capital market. The role of entrepreneur is difficult, as they have to identify the opportunity first; utilizes proper resources and makes a team to control the functioning of the business. They focus on understanding the utilizing of opportunity in order to create value. Entrepren eur is the centre of new venture creation process (Kuratko 2016). The entrepreneur is one who identifies the opportunity and selects an effective team. The role of team is also essential, as the tem removes the ambiguity or uncertainty of prospects in the market by its creativeness. An A graded team has more successful idea than the B graded team. Therefore, it can be said that the idea with high potential is not is not enough if it is not executed properly by a team. A bad team can demolish the value of excellent idea (Hui-Chen, Kuen-Hung and Chen-Yi 2014). First rated idea cannot be successful through second-rated management team. Moreover, the size of the team depends on size of the venture. The lead entrepreneur must have abilities of learning new things and teaching the members of the team. He or she must be able to deal with any kind of adverse situation. The leader must be flexible and must show integrity and honesty. However, the team also should possess some qualities to as sist the entrepreneurial aspects; like, tolerance to risk and uncertainty; determination; creativity and motivation. The entrepreneur gather best talent and form a best team, which unlock the high potential out of any opportunity (Sullivan and Meek 2012). The final element of this model is the resources. Timmons focuses on importance of resources in a business proceeding. The differences in few resources can make huge differences in a business. The major resource that first comes to mind before starting a venture is the financial resources (Vanacker, Collewaert and Paeleman 2013). However, this model considers, entrepreneurs and opportunities are crucial resource to start a business. Moreover, the capital resources follow the high prospective opportunities and strong team. By paying attention in maximizing the value of shareholders; liquidity and capital efficiency etc, the resources can be controlled properly. At the initial period of launching, the resource is used at a minimum le vel. The framework of Timmons encourages utilizing available resources through creativity. This helps to bring the market price at lower level. The amount of resource is dependent on the opportunity size of the firm. This model is focused on minimize and control approach (Nordqvist, Wennberg and Hellerstedt 2013). There are many more models of entrepreneurship, apart from Timmons Model, where there are several elements are considered in addition to the elements discussed in the Timmons model. Implementation and growth of the business are some elements of success of a business. Moreover, environmental and social factors and personal factors give rise to a new business. Moores model of entrepreneurial process focuses on innovation; implementation of innovative ideas and growth of the business (Mihalache et al. 2014). Therefore, it can be said that the model of Timmons missed out the social perspective of the entrepreneurship. It only focuses on personal thoughts and market opportunities and ignored the possibility of environmental and social factors that accelerate the new ideas and change. Entrepreneurial process also involves evaluation and identification of opportunity; decision about exploiting the innovative ideas; putting effort for arranging and obtaining particular resources and developi ng strategy to execute new business venture. According to the Shanes Model, people who discover opportunities have better access of information about those particular opportunities. Moreover, it is believed that, those people also have past experience of life; better social surrounding. According to this theory, entrepreneurial opportunities depend on psychological and demographical factors along with the environmental factors (Koltz et al. 2014). These elements lead to innovation and utilization of scopes and implementing the strategy formulated for the organization. The Timmons model focuses on balances all activities to make a business successful. In contrast, Shanes model states that opportunities emerge from individual and environmental factor to exploit opportunity and execute the business in a successful manner (Chell 2013). The major weak point of the Timmons framework was that, it stated resources should be in place while establishing a new business, especially in terms of cash. Moreover, he also focused on complete balance between the activities of the model and all activities should be given equal importance. Many have opined that even if the emphasis is given on each activity, it is impossible for the business to have finances. Therefore, there is an imbalance between all opportunities in the beginning of a new venture (Chandra, Styles and Wilkinson 2012). Hence, the Timmons model put less emphasis on initial investment. The less focus on resource is the reason behind the imbalances in the process of entrepreneurial process. According to the Timmons model, the entrepreneurial team drives the start-up and growth of a new business. He also connects the opportunity and resources with team. However, since there are imbalances or less emphasis in terms of resources and lack of opportunity, it also affect s the performance of the entrepreneurial team. According to the Adams and Stephen (2012), less emphasis on other element leads to weakening of the team that in turn affects the overall business plan and the execution of the new venture. Therefore, many scholars criticize the concept of dependency of the elements of Timmons model. The Timmons framework highly focused on being creative and finding business opportunity. Critiques have pointed out that this is a weak point of this model. This is because, entrepreneurs may waste too much time on finding the best idea to start the business. They have opined that this is a misconception that the idea should be unique to establish an successful business. One idea of an entrepreneur can be used by other entrepreneurs (Renko et al. 2015). The waste of time is a big issue; because, every day 80% of business plans are rejected and only one or two of them attracts the investors and funded by them. Therefore, searching for unique ideas will get them nowhere in the competition. Therefore, it can be argued that, finding opportunity is not a major element of entrepreneurial process, unlike the framework of Timmons model. However, proponent of Timmons model also states that, many entrepreneurs compete to have all resources before starting new venture, which is practically not possible (Hammad 2014). Therefore, having adequate resources is enough to start-up a new business. It discounts the concept of having all resources and encourages starting business with bare minimal requirements in order to attain competitive advantage. The advantage of this approach is that it instills leanness and discipline in the organization. Further, it also persuades creative resources in order to achieve more success in the business with limited money and other accessible resources (Dunkelberg et al. 2013). Timmons opined that instead of buying all the equipments to start a business, it is better to take lease. This model is appreciated because; resources may remain scarce, but through good management team and potential opportunity the organization can attract finances and other resources. Conclusion The paper emphasizes on explaining the entrepreneurial process of an organization. It has discussed about the Timmons model, which puts emphasizes on the elements like, opportunity; team and resources. According this model, the role of opportunity of a business is crucial in the way of a businesss success. Innovative idea for business is the key to success, according to this model. Without proper opportunity or idea, business venture cannot be started. Then the model prioritizes the entrepreneurship. It states that without good management it is not possible to implement an excellent idea. Entrepreneurs have high risk associated with the success of the business. In addition to this, the model of Timmons recognizes the role of resources in a business. It has been opined that a business venture can be started with adequate resources and after a while, the firm will own all the resources. However, even if it does not have resources, opportunity and teamwork will attract investors for fin ancing. However, the paper has reviewed the literature on Timmons Model and compared this model with two other models, such as, Moores Model and Shanes Model. The paper has also critically pointed out the drawbacks of this model like, wasting time on finding opportunities; less emphasis on initial investment. However, the positive aspects of this paper have also been discussed. It can be concluded that the Timmons model has ignored many important factors or elements behind the success of a business. References Adam and Stephen (2012), `New Venture Creation: Entrepreneurship for the 21st Century', NewYork. McGraw Hill. Pp. 88-95 [Online] Available at: https://agora.unimet.edu.ve/docs/466/Detecci%F3n%20de%20una%20oportunidad/Modelo%20de%20Timmons/Modelo%20de%20Timmons.pdf[Accessed: 13 June, 2016] Chandra, Y., Styles, C. and Wilkinson, I.F., 2012. An opportunity-based view of rapid internationalization.Journal of International Marketing,20(1), pp.74-102. Chell, E., 2013. Review of skill and the entrepreneurial process.International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior Research,19(1), pp.6-31. Dunkelberg, W., Moore, C., Scott, J. and Stull, W., 2013. Do entrepreneurial goals matter? Resource allocation in new owner-managed firms.Journal of Business Venturing,28(2), pp.225-240. Edgley, A., Stickley, T., Timmons, S. and Meal, A., 2014. Critical realist review: exploring the real, beyond the empirical.Journal of Further and Higher Education, pp.1-15. Foss, N.J., Lyngsie, J. and Zahra, S.A., 2013. The role of external knowledge sources and organizational design in the process of opportunity exploitation.Strategic Management Journal,34(12), pp.1453-1471. Hammad, A., 2013. An analysis of Timmons' model for entrepreneurial process. Hammad, A., 2014. Analysis of Timmon's Model for Entrepreneurial Process: A Critical Examination.Available at SSRN. Hui-Chen, C., Kuen-Hung, T. and Chen-Yi, P., 2014. The entrepreneurial process: an integrated model.International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal,10(4), pp.727-745. Klotz, A.C., Hmieleski, K.M., Bradley, B.H. and Busenitz, L.W., 2014. New venture teams a review of the literature and roadmap for future research.Journal of Management,40(1), pp.226-255. Kuratko, D., 2016.Entrepreneurship: Theory, process, and practice. Cengage Learning. Leyden, D.P. and Link, A.N., 2015. Toward a theory of the entrepreneurial process.Small Business Economics,44(3), pp.475-484. Mihalache, O.R., Jansen, J.J., Van den Bosch, F.A. and Volberda, H.W., 2014. Top management team shared leadership and organizational ambidexterity: A moderated mediation framework.Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal,8(2), pp.128-148. Moroz, P.W. and Hindle, K., 2012. Entrepreneurship as a process: Toward harmonizing multiple perspectives.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,36(4), pp.781-818. Nordqvist, M., Wennberg, K. and Hellerstedt, K., 2013. An entrepreneurial process perspective on succession in family firms.Small Business Economics,40(4), pp.1087-1122. Renko, M., El Tarabishy, A., Carsrud, A.L. and Brnnback, M., 2015. Understanding and measuring entrepreneurial leadership style.Journal of Small Business Management,53(1), pp.54-74. Sullivan, D.M. and Meek, W.R., 2012. Gender and entrepreneurship: a review and process model.Journal of Managerial Psychology,27(5), pp.428-458. Timmons, J. and Spinelli Jr, S., 2013. Timmons Model of the Entrepreneurial Process. Vanacker, T., Collewaert, V. and Paeleman, I., 2013. The relationship between slack resources and the performance of entrepreneurial firms: The role of venture capital and angel investors.Journal of Management Studies,50(6), pp.1070-1096.

English Summer Project Essay Essay Example

English Summer Project Essay Essay Connor Johanning English Summer Project A-2 Mrs. Razor The theme for my literacy is that everything has a connection. Such as during the summer, when I was on twitter I saw things regarding the shooting in the movie theater. I also saw news headlines on the subject along with facebook posts. At the time I was reading The City of Bones which is a book about violence and action and heroes. The connection between the book and the news was violence, violence is everywhere today, it has become ingrained in our civilization and is becoming a more regular thing. Back in the 1800s news of shootings outside of war was a very big deal. Nowadays, school shootings go nearly unnoticed after a couple of days, and no one seems to notice that in 24 hours 24 people were killed in shootings in the city of Chicago alone. Violence is a connection that can be seen in nearly everything today. During the school year while I was reading my assignments I noticed it said that hard work pays off in the long run, and that we should work hard once we are assigned a project instead of waiting until the last minute to do the project. We will write a custom essay sample on English Summer Project Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on English Summer Project Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on English Summer Project Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I also saw that in the news there was an article on how hard work in school can help you improve your future life both financially and mentally. Hard work can prepare you for any task that would be hard to do. Hard work is connecting the assignment with the news. There is always a connection between two articles of writing, all literature is intertwined somewhere somehow in our minds. Something I noticed throughout this project is that I tend to read less formally in the summer, because there are less guidelines as far as reading. I can connect this to a web article that claimed that in the summer kids lose about 65-75% of all knowledge they gained over the school year. I found this claim very surprising yet I also find it understandable. Most children are not going to review notes during the summer to review for next years french courses or go over grammatical rules for fun. This is why summer projects are important to the curriculum. They give kids constructive work to do over the summer break that helps them retain some nowledge and habits they gained from last years classes. The last connection that I saw in everything I read was knowledge. In nearly everything people are trying to gain more knowledge. Whether it be the cure for a disease such as cancer or where the closest gas station is, people, whether they know it or not, are constantly consuming information in all ways. People learn from the news where the traffic Jams and road construction zones are. On twitter kids are finding out what everyone is doing and where people are going to hang out. On the web people are being fed information about anything they choose to look up, such as research on muscular dystrophy, or how old Micheal Jackson was when he started problem is people are less worried about retaining knowledge now that you can google anything you want. Connecting is a large part of literature as this project has shown me, I never thought that twitter could be connected to a book written 5 years ago, but never the less it can. Connections help us piece together everything we know, if we only have ne source of knowledge we cant expand that knowledge until further knowledge is gathered. If we have one book on a subject, we can read web articles that may or may not go into further detail, but may also point out other common facts not stated previously. Anything we see somewhere can be found elsewhere. The main connecting piece is our mind, which stores the information that we find and tells us how it shows up in other pieces of literature. Connections are made in everything and are what we use to gain and retain information.

Día de los Muertos Ofrenda - Critique essays

DÃ ­a de los Muertos Ofrenda - Critique essays The altar I will be critiquing is placed in Special Collections at UTPA library. George Gause, UTPA Archivist, lend his collection of DÃ ­a de los Muertos artifacts to be used in the altar and surrounding areas. The special Collections work-studys set up the altar. The altar is three tier high looks as if three crates of different sizes were placed in the bottom. When looking at the altar no one can tell whos dearly departed it is intended for. With no pictures and nothing specific to a gender it is difficult to say which items the departed was fond of. All major areas besides the picture were included by Special Collection work-studys. On all three tiers you find candles the belief is the candle will allow the departed to find their way home. Also found were objects made from sugar or sugar sculpture known as "alfe." You could see these objects in shape of food (mole, chili relleno, fruit, nopales); small coffins with skeletons, and of course, the sugar skull or "calavera" were placed on all tiers of the altar or ofrenda. The only items that could be specific to an individual were the three boxes of Mexican cigarettes, and the food items (mole, chile relleno, fruit nopales) found on the altar. This is done to entice the dead and assure that their souls actually return to take part in the remembrance. In very traditional settings, typically found only in native communities, the path from the street to the altar is actually strewn with petals to guide the returning soul to its altar and the bosom of the family. The deceased could have been in a band or like to listen to Mariachi music. Group of skeleton dressed in Marachis was placed on the altar. The Special Collection work-studys did not just display items on the altar but scattered Dia de los Muertos artifacts through out the room. This particular ofrenda included "papel picado" or Mexican cut-paper with themes relating to Day of...

Case IH AFS percision Farming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case IH AFS percision Farming - Essay Example The AFS is defined by a clear-cut product range illustrated by its business portfolio, which includes; planting, field performer and harvesting solutions. Mechanization and innovation in agriculture aimed at enhancing agricultural processes and output within the constraints of natural and human resources have reached their peak within the context of attention given by Case IH. Making a grand entry in to the market in the modern day competition and expansion of agricultural technologies makes it an important strategy for Case IH to protract commercial production and marketing of its products in order to ensure sustained growth and productivity. In this discourse, marketing strategies and processes at Case IH in making its AFS product range a market success is enumerated in a number of perspectives. Product development at Case IH has been going on since its inception in 1842 giving a long experience extending to over a century and a half. This implies that the marketing mix at the corporation is one of the most complete in the market today, having observed agricultural needs change to the levels that they are in currently. Perhaps what defines this experience is the perfect product mix that the farmer enjoys upon making purchases at its outlets worldwide. Several products designed for the enhanced production are made available in over 160 countries of distribution (Case IH, 2011). Product research mix as mentioned before offers the solution to making the marketing strategy at Case IH as responsive to agricultural needs as it is amid the witnessed climatic changes. Case IH has been able to create a unique market niche that accurately handles small scale and large scale farm needs. Among the features of this market, coverage is the wide array of farm equipment, machinery, implements, and computer software that enable the modern farmer at any level of operation to be in need of their products (CNH, 2009). Brand image is not an

Competitive Intelligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Competitive Intelligence - Essay Example The evolutions of new challenges like technological advancements and out sourcing have posed new challenges for the business operations. Understanding these challenges and acting according to the implications required an acute sense of understanding the situations and the analyzing to the best. The competitor analysis has diversified into more specific issues of planning, collection of more influential data, analysis and communication, which were undeniable influencers of success. The research is conducted by taking individual tasks and integrating it to the organizational concerns making the analysis more robust and to derive more refined facts. The country analysis gives a broad idea about the investment atmosphere prevailing in the country under consideration. The current position of the industrial sector under consideration, the amount of market capitalization existing in the country for the sector, the number of existing players competing and their presence in the market., the government approach for the development of the sector, the entry norms for the investors, the resources availability, the supportive industry presence for companies like the smaller parts manufacturers for automobile industries etc, The volume of the business to be explored, the number of years for turnaround to gain the considerable market reach, and the socio-economic factors of the country that may influence the business potential. The above factors may differ from one country to the other. For example a Canadian company is planning to enter new market in Ontario. The company has to know the feasibility of the business in the Ontario. The compa ny has taken help of a consulting company to know the market environment in the region. The consulting company has given details of components related to the competitors, recent trends fallowed by the competitors, the financial status. Comparison between New Zealand & Canada: New Zealand, competitor intelligence is a pioneering issue under consideration that has been given preference only after 90's (Craig S. Fleisher, 2004). The business elite group is not known of using the competitor intelligence tools as much. The study perceived by Procter revealed some interesting facts that the business environment was more inclined towards domestic markets rather than concentrating on the growing need to globalize (Craig S. Fleisher, 2004, P 43). The New Zealand business sectors are optimistic that competitor intelligence has more important role to play in the due of time. The New Zealand business sectors sensed the constraints they need to overcome to sustain in their respective business but they are yet to open to the implementation of competitor intelligence strategies to raise their business levels to globally acceptable level. The business sectors are not ready to face the realities like the constraints they need to know about their external environment they are into. To address these new business requirements the business entities need more resources like internet, product patent information etc (Patents and competitive intelligence). The modes of business education were only

The scene emphasises the emotional trauma Essay Example for Free

The scene emphasises the emotional trauma Essay The slow build up of tension throughout the scene emphasises the emotional trauma suffered by the victims of both Salem and McCarthy. One piece of evidence we can look at that backs up this point is Elizabeths natural lie portrayed by the movie of The Crucible. This scene slowly builds up the tension and highlights the suffering of Elizabeth by slowly zooming the camera into Elizabeths face when Danforth asks her is her husband a lecher. This is deliberately used to build up tension because it is trying to make the viewer or reader feel sorry for her because she also has to deal with the court making her admit to it in front of everybody. However, I believe that Elizabeth is not thinking about what should she say to help her husbands trial, but I believe that she is questioning she really believes that her husband is a lecher. The slow zooming in of the camera angle also suggests that Elizabeth has to search her own heart deeper and got to really ask herself in her own heart whether she believes that her husband is really a lecher her reply is no. This shows the emotional trauma suffered by Elizabeth because she and Miller had to ask themselves a question from within, but the two were slightly different. I believe Millers question I believe was am I really a type of person thatll sell out my friends for my own benefit? After searching deep inside for the answer, both Miller and Elizabeth decide no. Because of this, they had to suffer; Elizabeth had accidentally accused his own husband and Miller had his life ruined, just for standing by their beliefs. Another piece of evidence is the tension given off by the suffering of the people in the court. They are not court officials, which is also evidence to emphasise the emotional trauma of the victims of both McCarthy and Salem. The play starts to build up tension because it says the right door opens on page eighty-two of the stage directions. By saying the right door opens this must mean that there is a left door as well, and the reason for Miller doing this is to tell us through stage direction that the girls have to enter slowly because there is only room for one person to pass at a time. This enhances the affect. Also by making Abigail the last person to enter makes it more dramatic because it shows how strong she is and how many people they have to go through to achieve justice and bring Abigail down. This makes us feel sorry for the people in the play because Abigail is so strong that she can do anything she pleases without the fear of the consequences, but the victims arent as fortunate which only emphasises the suffering in the play because it reminds us that she is responsible for it all. Once again this is an attack on the unfairness of society because of how the bad people can get away without the fear of the consequences and the innocent people have to pay by suffering for the deeds of others. This makes us sympathise with the suffering of the innocent, just like Millers own trial with McCarthy. Finally, there is the tension that is given to us when Proctor makes his damning speech on page ninety-six. This event makes the audience sympathise with Proctor because we, as the audience know that roaring at the court officials wont make them change their minds. Instead it would be used as evidence against you and this makes us want to shout from the audience to tell him dont shout at them! Despite this, the event is made to make us think that he doesnt know that shouting at the officials will be seen as evidence against himself. In fact there is proof that shows that he does. If he does know that shouting will only make the matter worse, why did he do it? The reason is that he is so desperate that no matter how small the chance is of convincing the court that they are condemning innocent people he still has to take it. This gets our sympathy because we feel so sorry for him that he is so desperate he even has to shout at them to try and make the court realise what they are doing is wrong. This relates back to Millers own experience because both Miller and Proctor had to stoop so low to try and convince the authorities by shouting at them, except that Miller did his shouting from the safeness within a play. In conclusion, I believe that Arthur Millers The Crucible is an attack, but only to a certain point. Using evidence I believe that he was really trying to show us two different perspectives. One, is that to find justice you have to be full of justice and fairness as a person. I believe that his second perspective was that he wanted us to see that there is responsibility attached to power and that it is important not to get caught up with the power by itself. This shows us that he is saying; Power can be a good servant, but a bad master.

Investments Essay -- essays papers

Investments INVESTMENT JOURNAL I started doing my research in the Microsoft Network using the Custom Search feature in the Stock Screener. Since I was looking for a conservative stock to start with, the first restriction I put was that the stock be a member of the Dow Jones Industrial Average. I also wanted a Large-Cap company so I put the Market Cap to be above 5 billion dollars. Another restriction I added was that its P/E ratio be the lowest possible and that the EPS Year to Year be above 13%. After running the search I got 20 matches. The top three were Exxon, SBC Communications and American Express. After researching them a bit more I decided that Exxon would be a good option because it was a solid company that had a pretty stable history. After analyzing its fundamentals and taking into account the rising prices of gasoline, I decided Exxon would be a good long-term investment. I bought 115 shares of Exxon at $43.36! The second stock I am looking for is a value stock. I want to get a good solid company and buy it for a bargain. The research I did in the Stock Screener was based on the value strategy we learned in class. In the Stock Screener I entered the following restrictions: 1) Market Cap * $500,000,000 2) Return on Equity * Industry Average Return on Equity 3) Return on Assets * ROA 5 year Average 4) Price/Book Value * 1 5) P/E current * P/E current (Industry) 6) Debt to Equity Ratio * 1 7) Previous Day Closing Price near 52 week low I got 10 results and researched each individual company using the research wizard. The company that I liked the most was Loews because it seemed like a good company with strong fundamentals. The company primarily deals with insurance through publicly traded subsidiaries. Other holdings include tobacco, hotels(US and Canada) and watchmaker Boluva. Even though it has the characteristics of a value company its growth potential and estimates are very impressive. I bought 120 shares of Loews at $53.01. Now that I had value in my portfolio I decided to look for a good growth stock that had a positive momentum recently outperforming the market. I still am not sure I want to invest in a technology stock because of their volatility and risk. I used a similar screen to the O'Shaughnessy Growth screen. The screen was almost identical but with a couple of minor alterations. I d... ...ommendation I read in Business Week. It was recommended as a good technology stock that dealt with both equipment and medicine. The company is called Stryker’s Corp. and it basically makes surgical products such as drills, saws, rasps and mixers. Orthopedic implants (including artificial joints, spinal rods, screws, and bone cement) account for nearly 60% of sales. The fundamentals of the stock are very good and the technical analysis indicates it has been heavily oversold. The only negative I found in the stock analysis is that its P/E is higher than the industries and that the PEG is high also. Still I believe the company is going to do well in the near future because it has new products coming out and good numbers are expected. I bought 300 shares of SYK at $55.00. The next transaction I made was one that was very different from my other transactions. I based my transaction on a clearstation.com e-mail report that was sent to me recommending that I short NVDA. I went directly to the stockcharts.com and analyzed its chart. I decided to short the stock based on the information the chart provided (it was heavily overbought). I short-selled 100 shares of NVDA at $84.64.

The Case About Rf and Tatarstan Delegation of Authorities

THE CASE ABOUT RF AND TATARSTAN DELEGATION OF AUTHORITIES 1. Why Tatarstan was succeeded to be the â€Å"elected† region in terms of its’ authorities? As far as I could understand, the reasons why Tatarstan was chosen for delegation of Authorities and this Agreement are mostly historical. Historical and political preconditions of Tatarstan turned in such way, that Russian Federation and Tatarstan were nearly in equal position. For example, Tatarstan was independent co-founder of USSR, Tatarstan Tatarstan did not participate in election of State Duma in December 1993, Tatarstan did not sign the Federative Agreement in 1992.This shows the level of independence of Tatarstan from Russian Federation. In my opinion, Tatarstan was not very powerful republic, thus, to keep on developing it needed an alliance. It had political independence, but in terms of resources and power it did not have much. Russia, on the other hand, wanted to avoid appearance of another country just in t he very heart of it. To avoid repeat of Chechnya Case, Russian Authorities decided to change the way they behave about it. Instead of gaining power using military forces, Russian Federation took the way of diplomacy and political alliance.Thus, we can say that both sides needed this agreement, bith sides could benefit from it, but in my opinion, Tatarstan would need it more than Russia, in the case of different location. 2. Suggest some more or less objective criteria to select regions for establishing special favorable regime of relations with the federal center. This question in my point of view cannot have theoretical solution, because in any different case there would be new accomplishments and new terms, that would challenge the theory pretty much.But still, some tips could be defined. I think that in century of innovations and technological development, very important aspect would be potential rate of development of the region. It’s not important how much the region is developed, it’s much more vital – how can we develop it. In what way we can grow industry, or culture or trade or any other side of life of country. This criterion is very subjective, I understand this, but this is more an advantage than a disadvantage.Because government should realize itself, for what reason it needs the region, why it is necessary to develop favorable relations with this or that region, in what way it could be profitable. From history of Russian Empire we know examples of having totally useless for Empire regions (Poland) and caused a lot of trouble in tries to keep it quiet and not rebelling. 3. What is the author’s opinion on respect of whether special delegation of authorities between Tatarstan and RF is a good thing? Do you agree with him and why?On example of RF and Tatarstan Agreement we can see how idea of federal construction, integration and decentralization actually works. Author has very positive opinion about creating decentralized country and going on forward in development of this way. I do not have any real opinion about this, but if we look at 70 years of centralized country, and look at what do we have to suffer afterwards, I would say that decentralization is the right way to develop country federal structure, so that all the knowledge and all the experience is circulating among regions, and let develop the weak.

TLS TRANSPORT LAYER SECURITY - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 31 Words: 9318 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? v TRANSPORT LAYER SECURITY TLS is a successor to Secure Sockets Layer protocol. TLS provides secure communications on the Internet for such things as e-mail, Internet faxing, and other data transfers. There are slight differences between SSL 3.0 and TLS 1.0, but the protocol remains significantly the same. It is good idea to keep in mind that TLS resides on the Application Layer of the OSI model. This will save you a lot of frustrations while debugging and troubleshooting encryption troubles connected to TLS. v TLS Features TLS is a generic application layer security protocol that runs over reliable transport. It provides a secure channel to application protocol clients. This channel has three primary security features: Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "TLS TRANSPORT LAYER SECURITY" essay for you Create order 1. Authentication of the server. 2. Confidentiality of the communication channel. 3. Message integrity of the communication channel. Optionally TLS can also provide authentication of the client. In general, TLS authentication uses public key based digital signatures backed by certificates. Thus, the server authenticates either by decrypting a secret encrypted under his public key or by signing an ephemeral public key. The client authenticates by signing a random challenge. Server certificates typically contain the servers domain name. Client certificates can contain arbitrary identities. The Handshake Protocols The TLS Handshake Protocol allows the server and client to authenticate each other and to negotiate an encryption algorithm and cryptographic keys before data is exchanged. In a typical scenario, only the server is authenticated and its identity is ensured while the client remains unauthenticated. The mutual authentication of the servers requires public key deployment to clients. Provide security parameters to the record layer. A Client sends a ClientHello message specifying the highest TLS protocol version it supports, a random number, a list of suggested cipher suites and compression methods. The Server responds with a ServerHello, containing the chosen protocol version, a random number, cipher, and compression method from the choices offered by the client. The Server sends its Certificate (depending on the selected cipher, this may be omitted by the Server). The server may request a certificate from the client, so that the connection can be mutually authenticated, using a Certificate Request. The Server sends a ServerHelloDone message, indicating it is done with handshake negotiation. The Client responds with a ClientKeyExchange which may contain a PreMasterSecret, public key, or nothing. (Again, this depends on the selected cipher). The Handshake protocol provides a number of security functions. Such as Authentication, Encryption, Hash Algorithms Authentication A certificate is a digital form of identification that is usually issued by a certification authority (CA) and contains identification information, a validity period, a public key, a serial number, and the digital signature of the issuer. For authentication purposes, the Handshake Protocol uses an X.509 certificate to provide strong evidence to a second party that helps prove the identity of the party that holds the certificate and the corresponding private key. Encryption There are two main types of encryption: symmetric key (also known as Private Key) and asymmetric key (also known as public key. TLS/SSL uses symmetric key for bulk encryption and public key for authentication and key exchange. Hash Algorithms A hash is a one-way mapping of values to a smaller set of representative values, so that the size of the resulting hash is smaller than the original message and the hash is unique to the original data. A hash is similar to a fingerprint: a fingerprint is unique to the individual and is much smaller than the original person. Hashing is used to establish data integrity during transport. Two common hash algorithms are Message Digest5 (MD5) produce 128-bit hash value and Standard Hash Algorithm1 (SHA-1) produce 160-bit value. The Change Cipher Spec The Change Cipher Spec Protocol signals a transition of the cipher suite to be used on the connection between the client and server. This protocol is composed of a single message which is encrypted and compressed with the current cipher suite. This message consists of a single byte with the value1. Message after this will be encrypted and compressed using the new cipher suite. The Alert The Alert Protocol includes event-driven alert messages that can be sent from either party. the session is either ended or the recipient is given the choice of whether or not to end the session. Schannel SSP will only generate these alert messages at the request of the application. The Record Layer/Protocol The TLS record protocol is a simple framing layer with record format as shown below: struct { ContentType type; ProtocolVersion version; uint16 length; opaque payload[length]; } TLSRecord; As with TLS, data is carried in records. In both protocols, records can only be processed when the entire record is available. The Record Layer might have four functions: It fragments the data coming from the application into manageable blocks (and reassemble incoming data to pass up to the application). Schannel SSP does not support fragmentation at the Record Layer. It compresses the data and decompresses incoming data. Schannel SSP does not support compression at the Record Layer. It applies a Message Authentication Code (MAC), or hash/digest, to the data and uses the MAC to verify incoming data. It encrypts the hashed data and decrypts incoming data. Application Protocol TLS runs on application protocol such as HTTP, FTP, SMTP, NNTP, and XMPP and above a reliable transport protocol, TCP for example. While it can add security to any protocol that uses reliable connections (such as TCP), it is most commonly used with HTTP to form HTTPS. HTTPS is used to secure World Wide Web pages for applications such as electronic commerce and asset management. These applications use public key certificates to verify the identity of endpoints. TSL/ SSL Security The client may use the CAs public key to validate the CAs digital signature on the server certificate. If the digital signature can be verified, the client accepts the server certificate as a valid certificate issued by a trusted CA. The client verifies that the issuing Certificate Authority (CA) is on its list of trusted Cas. The client checks the servers certificate validity period. The authentication process stops if the current date and time fall outside of the validity period. v IPSec IPSec acts at the network layer, protecting and authenticating IP packets between participating IPSec devices (peers), such as PIX Firewalls, Cisco routers, Cisco VPN 3000 Concentrators, Cisco VPN Clients, and other IPSec-compliant products. IPSec is not bound to any specific encryption or authentication algorithms, keying technology, or security algorithms. IPSec is a framework of open standards. Because it isnt bound to specific algorithms, IPSec allows newer and better algorithms to be implemented without patching the existing IPSec standards. IPSec provides data confidentiality, data integrity, and data origin authentication between participating peers at the IP layer. IPSec is used to secure a path between a pair of gateways, a pair of hosts, or a gateway and a host. Some of the standard algorithms are as follows: Data Encryption Standard (DES) algorithmUsed to encrypt and decrypt packet data. 3DES algorithmeffectively doubles encryption strength over 56-bit DES. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)a newer cipher algorithm designed to replace DES. Has a variable key length between 128 and 256 bits. Cisco is the first industry vendor to implement AES on all its VPN-capable platforms. Message Digest 5 (MD5) algorithmUsed to authenticate packet data. Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA-1)Used to authenticate packet data. Diffie-Hellman (DH)a public-key cryptography protocol that allows two parties to establish a shared secret key used by encryption and hash algorithms (for example, DES and MD5) over an insecure communications channel. IPSec security services provide four critical functions: Confidentiality (encryption)the sender can encrypt the packets before transmitting them across a network. By doing so, no one can eavesdrop on the communication. If intercepted, the communications cannot be read. Data integritythe receiver can verify that the data was transmitted through the Internet without being changed or altered in any way. Origin authenticationthe receiver can authenticate the packets source, guaranteeing and certifying the source of the information. Anti-replay protectionAnti-replay protection verifies that each packet is unique, not duplicated. IPSec packets are protected by comparing the sequence number of the received packets and a sliding window on the destination host, or security gateway. Late and duplicate packets are dropped. v How IPSec works The goal of IPSec is to protect the desired data with the needed security services. IPSecs operation can be broken into five primary steps: Define interesting trafficTraffic is deemed interesting when the VPN device recognizes that the traffic you want to send needs to be protected. IKE Phase 1This basic set of security services protects all subsequent communications between the peers. IKE Phase 1 sets up a secure communications channel between peers. IKE Phase 2IKE negotiates IPSec security association (SA) parameters and sets up matching IPSec SAs in the peers. These security parameters are used to protect data and messages exchanged between endpoints. Data transferData is transferred between IPSec peers based on the IPSec parameters and keys stored in the SA database. IPSec tunnel terminationIPSec SAs terminate through deletion or by timing out. TASK 1(b) IPSecs advantage over TLS: It has more plasticity on choosing the Authentication mechanisms (like the Pre Shared Key), and therefore makes it hard for the attacker to do man in the middle.TLS is based only on Public key and with tools, its possible to do man in the Middle breaking TLS. Going one step down the OSI stack, IP Security (IPSec) guarantees the data privacy and integrity of IP packets, regardless of how the application used the sockets. This means any application, as long as it uses IP to send data, will benefit from the underlying secure IP network. Nothing has to be rewritten or modified; it even is possible that users wont be aware their data is being processed through encrypting devices. This solution is the most transparent one for end users and the one most likely to be adopted in the future in the widest range of situations. The main drawback of IPSsec lies in its intrinsic infrastructural complexity, which demands several components to work properly. IPSec deployment must be planned and carri ed out by network administrators, and it is less likely to be adopted directly by end users. TLSs advantage over IPSec: The advantage of TLS over generic application-level security mechanisms is the application no longer has the burden of encrypting user data. Using a special socket and API, the communication is secured. The problem with TLS is an application wishing to exploit its functionality must be written explicitly in order to do so (see Resources). Existing applications, which constitute the majority of data producers on the Internet, cannot take advantage of the encryption facilities provided by TLS without being rewritten. Think of the common applications we use everyday: mail clients, web browsers on sites without HTTPS, IRC channels, peer-to-peer file sharing systems and so on. Also, most network services (such as mail relays, DNS servers, routing protocols) currently run over plain sockets, exchanging vital information as clear text and only seldomly adopting application-level counter-measures (mostly integrity checks, such as MD5 sums). v IGMP IGMP is a protocol used by IP hosts, and adjacent multicast network devices to identify their memberships. If they are part of the same multicast group they communicate with each other. ICMP communicates 1 to 1.IGMP communicates 1 to many. v Establish Multicast group We describe a distributed architecture for managing multicast addresses in the global Internet. A multicast address space partitioning scheme is proposed, based on the Unicast host address and a per-host address management entity. By noting that port numbers are an integral part of end-to-end multicast addressing we present a single, unified solution to the two problems of dynamic multicast address management and port resolution. We then present a framework for the evaluation of multicast address management schemes, and use it to compare our design with three approaches, as well as a random allocation strategy. The criteria used for the evaluation are blocking probability and consistency, address acquisition delay, the load on address management entities, robustness against failures, and processing and communications overhead. With the distributed scheme the probability of blocking for address acquisition is reduced by several orders of magnitude, to insignificant levels, while consi stency is maintained. At the same time, the address acquisition delay is reduced to a minimum by serving the request within the host itself. It is also shown that the scheme generates much less control traffic, is more robust against failures, and puts much less load on address management entities as compared with the other three schemes. The random allocation strategy is shown to be attractive primarily due to its simplicity, although it does have several drawbacks stemming from its lack of consistency (addresses may be allocated more than once) The Routing and Remote Access administrative tool is used to enable routing on a Windows 2000 server that is multihomed (has more than one network card). Windows 2000 professional cannot be a router. The Routing and Remote Access administrative tool or the route command line utility can be used to con a static router and add a routing table. A routing table is required for static routing. Dynamic routing does not require a routing table since the table is built by software. Dynamic routing does require additional protocols to be installed on the computer. When using the Routing and Remote Access tool, the following information is entered: * Interface Specify the network card that the route applies to which is where the packets will come from. * Destination Specify the network address that the packets are going to such as 192.168.1.0. * Network Mask The subnet mask of the destination network. * Gateway The IP address of the network card on the network that is cond to forward the packets such as 192.168.1.1. * Metric The number of routers that packets must pass through to reach the intended network. If there are more than 1, the Gateway address will not match the network address of the destination network. Dynamic Routing Windows 2000 Server supports Network Address Translation (NAT) and DHCP relay agent. Three Windows 2000 supported Dynamic routing protocols are: * Routing Information Protocol (RIP) version 2 for IP * Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) * Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) version 2 with router or proxy support. The Routing and Remote Access tool is used to install, con, and monitor these protocols and routing functions. After any of these dynamic routing protocols are installed, they must be cond to use one or more routing interfaces. v Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM): This document describes an architecture for efficiently routing to multicast groups that may span wide-area (and inter-domain) internets. We refer to the approach as Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) because it is not dependent on any particular unicast routing protocol. The most significant innovation in this architecture is the efficient support of sparse, wide area groups. This sparse mode (SM) of operation complements the traditional { dense-mode} approach to multicast routing for campus networks, as developed by Deering [2][3] and implemented previously in MOSPF and DVMRP [4][5]. These traditional dense mode multicast schemes were intended for use within regions where a group is widely represented or bandwidth is universally plentiful. However, when group members, and senders to those group members, are distributed sparsely across a wide area, these schemes are not efficient; data packets (in the case of DVMRP) or membership report information (in the case of MOSPF) are occasionally sent over many links that do not lead to receivers or senders, respectively. The purpose of this work is to develop a multicast routing architecture that efficiently establishes distribution trees even when some or all members are sparsely distributed. Efficiency is evaluated in terms of the state, control message, and data packet overhead required across the entire network in order to deliver data packets to the members of the group. The Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) architecture: maintains the traditional IP multicast service model of receiver-initiated membership; can be cond to adapt to different multicast group and network characteristics; is not dependent on a specific unicast routing protocol; uses soft-state mechanisms to adapt to underlying network conditions and group dynamics. The robustness, flexibility, and scaling properties of this architecture make it well suited to large heterogeneous inter-networks. This document describes an architecture for efficiently routing to multicast groups that may span wide-area (and inter-domain) internets. We refer to the approach as Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) because it is not dependent on any particular unicast routing protocol. The most significant innovation in this architecture is the efficient support of sparse, wide area groups. This sparse mode (SM) of operation complements the traditional { dense-mode} approach to multicast routing for campus networks, as developed by Deering [2][3] and implemented previously in MOSPF and DVMRP [4][5]. These traditional dense mode multicast schemes were intended for use within regions where a group is widely represented or bandwidth is universally plentiful. However, when group members, and senders to those group members, are distributed sparsely across a wide area, these schemes are not efficient; data packets (in the case of DVMRP) or membership report information (in the case of MOSPF) are occas ionally sent over many links that do not lead to receivers or senders, respectively. The purpose of this work is to develop a multicast routing architecture that efficiently establishes distribution trees even when some or all members are sparsely distributed. Efficiency is evaluated in terms of the state, control message, and data packet overhead required across the entire network in order to deliver data packets to the members of the group. A user of an internet- connected pc, Adam; send an email message to another internet connected pc user beryl. 1. Outlinethe function of four internet host that would normally be involved be involved in this task. . : 1. Adams Computer : :2. Server of Adams Internet Service Provider : : 3. Server of Beryls Internet Service Provider: :4. Beryls Computer : . This program allows you to build and deal with a large mailing list, and to create modified messages from predefined templates while sending. It lets you define multiple independent SMTP server connections and will utilize the latest in multithreading technology, to send emails to you as fast as it is possible. You can use all the standard message formats like plain text, HTML or even create a rich content message in the Microsoft Outlook Express and export it into the program. The interface of the program is very simple and easy to learn nearly all functions can be performed using hotkeys on the keyboard. E-mail is a growing source of an enterprises records and needs to be treated as any written memo, letter or report has been treated. The information in e-mail has the potential to add to the enterprises knowledge assets, from interactions with the users or customers in the enterprise to interactions with colleagues overseas. 2. List the internet protocol which would be used in this task. Internet Protocol (IP) is packet-based protocol that allows dissimilar hosts to connect to each other for the purpose of delivering data across the resulting networks. Applications combine IP with a higher- level protocol called Transport Control Protocol (TCP), which establishes a virtual connection between a destination and a source. IP by itself is something like the postal system. It allows you to address a package and drop it in the system, but theres no direct link between you and the recipient. . : 1. HTTP : :2. IMAP(Version 4): : 3.SMTP : :4.POP (Version 3) : . HTTP (Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol) is the underlying protocol used by the World Wide Web. HTTP defines how messages are formatted and transmitted, and what actions Web servers and browsers should take in response to various commands. HTTP/1.0, as defined by RFC 1945 [6], improved the protocol by allowing messages to be in the format of MIME-like messages, containing meta information about the data transferred and modifiers on the request/response semantics. IMAP4 (Internet Message Access Protocol) A mail protocol that provides management of received messages on a remote server. The user can review headers, create or delete folders/mailboxes and messages, and search contents remotely without downloading. It includes more functions than the similar POP protocol. POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3) is the most recent version of a standard protocol for receiving e-mail. POP3 is a client/server protocol in which e-mail is received and held for you by your Internet server. Periodically, you (or your client e-mail receiver) check your mail-box on the server and download any mail, probably using POP3. This standard protocol is built into most popular e-mail products, such as Eudora and Outlook Express. Its also built into the Netscape and Microsoft Internet Explorer browsers. POP3 is designed to delete mail on the server as soon as the user has downloaded it. However, some implementations allow users or an administrator to specify that mail be saved for some period of time. POP can be thought of as a store-and-forward service. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is a TCP/IP protocol used in sending and receiving e-mail. However, since it is limited in its ability to queue messages at the receiving end, it is usually used with one of two other protocols, POP3 or IMAP, that let the user save messages in a server mailbox and download them periodically from the server. In other words, users typically use a program that uses SMTP for sending e-mail and either POP3 or IMAP for receiving e-mail. On Unix-based systems, send mail is the most widely-used SMTP server for e-mail. A commercial package, Send mail, includes a POP3 server. Microsoft Exchange includes an SMTP server and can also be set up to include POP3 support. SMTP usually is implemented to operate over Internet port 25. An alternative to SMTP that is widely used in Europe is X.400. Many mail servers now support Extended Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (ESMTP), which allows multimedia files to be delivered as e-mail. 3. Taking the case that the message include the text please find attached abstract and 1. as well as in MS-Word format and an attachment in jpeg, list format of the send mail messages. .. : 1. MIME : .. MIME (Multi-Purpose Internet Mail Extensions) is an extension of the original Internet e-mail protocol that lets people use the protocol to exchange different kinds of data files on the Internet: audio, video, images, application programs, and other kinds, as well as the ASCII text handled in the original protocol, the Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP). In 1991, Nathan Borenstein of Bellcore proposed to the IETF that SMTP be extended so that Internet (but mainly Web) clients and servers could recognize and handle other kinds of data than ASCII text. As a result, new file types were added to mail as a supported Internet Protocol file type. Servers insert the MIME header at the beginning of any Web transmission. Clients use this header to select an appropriate player application for the type of data the header indicates. Some of these players are built into the Web client or browser (for example, all browsers come with GIF and JPEG image players as well as the ability to handle HTML files). 4. How would received message differ the sent messages? The email address that receives messages sent from users who click reply in their email clients. Can differ from the fromaddress which can be an automated or unmonitored email address used only to send messages to a distribution list. Reply-to should always be a monitored address. v IPv4: Internet Protocol (Version 4) The Internet Protocol (IP) is a network-layer (Layer 3) protocol in the OSI model that contains addressing information and some control information to enable packets being routed in network. IP is the primary network-layer protocol in the TCP/IP protocol suite. Along with the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), IP represents the heart of the Internet protocols. IP is equally well suited for both LAN and WAN communications. IP (Internet Protocol) has two primary responsibilities: providing connectionless, best-effort delivery of datagrams through a network; and providing fragmentation and reassembly of datagrams to support data links with different maximum-transmission unit (MTU) sizes. The IP addressing scheme is integral to the process of routing IP datagrams through an internetwork. Each IP address has specific components and follows a basic format. These IP addresses can be subdivided and used to create addresses for sub networks. Each computer (known as host) on a TCP/IP network is assigned a unique logical address (32-bit in IPv4) that is divided into two main parts: the network number and the host number. The network number identifies a network and must be assigned by the Internet Network Information Center (InterNIC) if the network is to be part of the Internet. An Internet Service Provider (ISP) can obtain blocks of network addresses from the InterNIC and can itself assign address space as nece ssary. The host number identifies a host on a network and is assigned by the local network administrator. v IPv6 (IPng): Internet Protocol version 6 IPv6 is the new version of Internet Protocol (IP) based on IPv4, a network-layer (Layer 3) protocol that contains addressing information and some control information enabling packets to be routed in the network. There are two basic IP versions: IPv4 and IPv6. IPv6 is also called next generation IP or IPng. IPv4 and IPv6 are de-multiplexed at the media layer. For example, IPv6 packets are carried over Ethernet with the content type 86DD (hexadecimal) instead of IPv4s 0800. The IPv4 is described in separate documents. IPv6 increases the IP address size from 32 bits to 128 bits, to support more levels of addressing hierarchy, a much greater number of addressable nodes, and simpler auto-configuration of addresses. IPv6 addresses are expressed in hexadecimal format (base 16) which allows not only numerals (0-9) but a few characters as well (a-f). A sample ipv6 address looks like: 3ffe: ffff: 100:f101:210:a4ff:fee3:9566. Scalability of multicast addresses is introduced. A new type of address called an any cast address is also defined, to send a packet to any one of a group of nodes. Two major improvements in IPv6 vs. v4: * Improved support for extensions and options IPv6 options are placed in separate headers that are located between the IPv6 header and the transport layer header. Changes in the way IP header options are encoded to allow more efficient forwarding, less stringent limits on the length of options, and greater flexibility for introducing new options in the future. Flow labeling capability A new capability has been added to enable the labeling of packets belonging to particular traffic flows for which the sender requests special handling, such as non-default Quality of Service or real-time service. v Comparison between IPv6 with IPv4 Data structure of IPv6 has modified as follows: Header length field found in IPv4 is removed in IPv6. Type of Service field found in IPv4 has been replaced with Priority field in IPv6. Time to live field found in IPv4 has been replaced with Hop Limit in IPv6. Total Length field has been replaced with Payload Length field Protocol field has been replaced with Next Header field Source Address and Destination Address has been increased from 32-bits to 128-bits. v Major Similarities IPv6 with IPv4 Both protocols provide loopback addresses. IPv6 multicast achieves the same purpose that IPv4 broadcast does. Both allow the user to determine datagram size, and the maximum number of hops before termination. Both provide connectionless delivery service (datagrams routed independently). Both are best effort datagram delivery services. v Major Differences between IPv6 with IPv4 IPv6 host to IPv6 host routing via IPv4 network: Here, IPv6 over IPv4 tunneling is required to send a datagram. IPv6 packets are encapsulated within IPv4 packets, allowing travel over IPv4 routing infrastructures to reach an IPv6 host on the other side of the .IPv6 over IPv4 tunnel. The two different types of tunneling are automatic and cond. For a cond tunnel, the IPv6 to IPv4 mappings, at tunnel endpoints, have to be manually specified. Automatic tunneling eases tunneling, but nullifies the advantages of using the 128-bit address space. IPv6 host to IPv4 host and vice versa: The device that converts IPv6 packets to IPv4 packets (a dual IP stack/ dual stack router) allows a host to access both IPv4 and IPv6 resources for communication. A dual IP stack routes as well as converts between IPv4 and IPv6 datagrams ICMP: IPv6 enhances ICMP with ICMPv6. The messages are grouped as informational and error. An ICMPv6 message can contain much more information. The rules for message handling are stricter. ICMPv6 uses the Neighbor Discovery Protocol. New messages have been added also. Absence of ARP RARP: Since IPv6 addresses are longer, they Encapsulate the hardware address along with the IP address in the IPv6 address. The 64 most significant bits identify a specific network interface. The suffix easily encodes the physical address. DNS: A major problem arises when obtaining the domain name of an IPv6 address over existing IPv4 DNS infrastructure. Current 32-bit name servers cannot handle name-resolution requests for 128-bit addresses. However, IETF designers have defined an IPv6 DNS standard, utilizing a DNS called quad A to map domain names for an IPv6 address. The Major difference between IPv4 and IPng is the number of IP addresses. There are just over 4 billion IPv4 addresses. In contrast, there are over 16 billion-billion IPv6 addresses. Subjects IPv4 IPv6 IPv6 Advantages Address Space 4 Billion Addresses 2^128 79 Octillion times the IPv4 address space Configuration Manual or use DHCP Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) with or without DHCP Lower Operation Expenses and reduce error Broadcast / Multicast Uses both No broadcast and has different forms of multicast Better bandwidth efficiency Anycast support Not part of the original protocol Explicit support of anycast Allows new applications in mobility, data center Network Configuration Mostly manual and labor intensive Facilitate the re-numbering of hosts and routers Lower operation expenses and facilitate migration QoS support ToS using DIFFServ Flow classes and flow labels More Granular control of QoS Security Uses IPsec for Data packet protection IPSec becomes the key technology to protect data and control packets Unified framework for security and more secure computing environment Mobility Uses Mobile IPv4 Mobile IPv6 provides fast handover, better router optimization and hierarchical mobility Better efficiency and scalability; Work with latest 3G mobile technologies and beyond. Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6), sometimes called the next generation IP protocol (IPng), is designed by the IETF to replace the current version Internet Protocol, IP Version 4 (IPv4), which is now more than twenty years old. Most of todays network uses IPv4 and it is beginning to have problems, for example, the growing shortage of IPv4 addresses. IETF protocol designers have expended a substantial amount of effort to ensure that hosts and routers can be upgraded to IPv6 in a graceful, incremental manner. Transition mechanisms have been engineered to allow network administrators a large amount of flexibility in how and when they upgrade hosts and intermediate nodes. Consequently, IPv6 can be deployed in hosts first, in routers first, or, alternatively, in a limited number of adjacent or remote hosts and routers. Another assumption made by IPv6 transition designers is the likelihood that many upgraded hosts and routers will need to retain downward compatibility with IPv4 devices for an extended time period. It was also assumed that upgraded devices should have the option of retaining their IPv4 addressing. v Key Features: The IPv4 32-bit IP address space cannot accommodate users beyond 2020. 128-bit IPv6 makes the address space too large to be exhausted in the foreseeable future. IPv6 versatility allows for the accommodation of any reasonable address scheme, thus allowing network designers greater flexibility for devices of the future. IPv6 utilizes three (not two) hierarchical addressing levels. The highest is for the globally known public topology, the next involving individual sites, and the third for individual N.I.C. addresses. The inflexibility in IPv4.s header options led to inefficiency. When sending datagrams, an empty header occupied substantial space. IPv6 allows the sender the freedom to select the required extension headers. IPv4 used DHCP to facilitate manual assignment of host addresses. IPv6 alleviates manual assignment problems, allowing new hosts to assign their own addresses. An ICMPv6 message determines if the address is unique. Auto-configuration allows renumbering of hosts. IPv6 allows hosts to be given new prefixes without manual reconfiguration, allowing numerous devices to dynamically attach to a network without incurring the associated administration costs. v INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM Intrusion detection systems do exactly as the name suggests: they detect possible intrusions. More specifically, IDS tools aim to detect computer attacks and/or computer misuse, and to alert the proper individuals upon detection. An IDS installed on a network provides much the same purpose as a burglar alarm system installed in a house. Through various methods, both detect when an intruder/attacker/burglar is present, and both subsequently issue some type of warning or alert. Although IDSs may be used in conjunction with firewalls, which aim to regulate and control the flow of information into and out of a network, the two security tools should not be considered the same thing. Using the previous example, firewalls can be thought of as a fence or a security guard placed in front of a house. They protect a network and attempt to prevent intrusions, while IDS tools detect whether or not the network is under attack or has, in fact, been breached. IDS tools thus form an integral part of a thorough and complete security system. They dont fully guarantee security, but when used with security policy, vulnerability assessments, data encryption, user authentication, access control, and firewalls, they can greatly enhance network safety. Intrusion detection systems serve three essential security functions: they monitor, detect, and respond to unauthorized activity by company insiders and outsider intrusion. Intrusion detection systems use policies to define certain events that, if detected will issue an alert. In other words, if a particular event is considered to constitute a security incident, an alert will be issued if that event is detected. Certain intrusion detection systems have the capability of sending out alerts, so that the administrator of the IDS will receive a notification of a possible security incident in the form of a page, email, or SNMP trap. Many intrusion detection systems not only recognize a particular incident and issue an appropriate alert, they also respond automatically to the event. Such a response might include logging off a user, disabling a user account, and launching of scripts. Classification and Types, Techniques of intrusion detection systems There are Four types of IDS 1. Host- Based IDS 2. Network- Based IDS 3. Hybrid Intrusion Detection System 4. Network Node Intrusion Detection System 1) Host-Based IDS (HIDS) Host-based systems were the first type of IDS to be developed and implemented. These systems collect and analyze data that originate on a computer that hosts a service, such as a Web server. Once this data is aggregated for a given computer, it can either be analyzed locally or sent to a separate/central analysis machine. One example of a host-based system is programs that operate on a system and receive application or operating system audit logs. These programs are highly effective for detecting insider abuses. Residing on the trusted network systems themselves, they are close to the networks authenticated users. If one of these users attempts unauthorized activity, host-based systems usually detect and collect the most pertinent information in the quickest possible manner. In addition to detecting unauthorized insider activity, host-based systems are also effective at detecting unauthorized file modification. On the down side, host-based systems can get unwieldy. With several thousand possible endpoints on a large network, collecting and aggregating separate specific computer information for each individual machine may prove inefficient and ineffective. In addition, if an intruder disables the data collection on any given computer, the IDS on that machine will be rendered useless because there is no backup. Possible host-based IDS implementations include Windows NT/2000 Security Event Logs, RDMS audit sources, Enterprise Management systems audit data (such as Tivoli), and UNIX Syslog in their raw forms or in their secure forms such as Solaris BSM; host-based commercial products include Real Secure, ITA, Squire, and Intercepts, to name a few. 1.1. Application-Based IDSs Application-based IDSs are a special subset of host-based IDSs that analyze the events transpiring within a software application. The most common information sources used by application-based IDSs are the applications transaction log files. The ability to interface with the application directly, with significant domain or application-specific knowledge included in the analysis engine, allows application-based IDSs to detect suspicious behavior due to authorized users exceeding their authorization. This is because such problems are more likely to appear in the interaction between the user, the data, and the application. 2) Network-Based IDS (NIDS) As opposed to monitoring the activities that take place on a particular network, Network-based intrusion detection analyzes data packets that travel over the actual network. These packets are examined and sometimes compared with empirical data to verify their nature: malicious or benign. Because they are responsible for monitoring a network, rather than a single host, Network-based intrusion detection systems (NIDS) tend to be more distributed than host-based IDS. Software, or appliance hardware in some cases, resides in one or more systems connected to a network, and is used to analyze data such as network packets. Instead of analyzing information that originates and resides on a computer, network-based IDS uses techniques like packet-sniffing to pull data from TCP/IP or other protocol packets traveling along the network. This surveillance of the connections between computers makes network-based IDS great at detecting access attempts from outside the trusted network. In general, net work-based systems are best at detecting the following activities: * Unauthorized outsider access: When an unauthorized user logs in successfully, or attempts to log in, they are best tracked with host-based IDS. However, detecting the unauthorized user before their log on attempt is best accomplished with network-based IDS. * Bandwidth theft/denial of service: These attacks from outside the network single out network resources for abuse or overload. The packets that initiate/carry these attacks can best be noticed with use of network-based IDS. Some possible downsides to network-based IDS include encrypted packet payloads and high-speed networks, both of which inhibit the effectiveness of packet interception and deter packet interpretation. Examples of network-based IDS include Shadow, Snort!, Dragon, NFR, Real Secure, and Net Prowler. 3) Hybrid Intrusion Detection Systems We have examined the different mechanisms that different IDSs use to signal or trigger alarms on your network. We have also examined two locations that IDSs use to search for intrusive activity. Each of these approaches has benefits and drawbacks. By combining multiple techniques into a single hybrid system, however, it is possible to create an IDS that possesses the benefits of multiple approaches, while overcoming many of the drawbacks. 4) Network Node Intrusion Detection (NNIDS) Basically, this new type (NNIDS) works like typical NIDS, i.e., you take packets from network traffic and analyze them. But it only concerns packets which are addressed to the network node (this is where the name comes from). Another difference between NNIDS and NIDS is that NIDS run in promiscuous mode while NNIDS does not run in promiscuous mode. As not every packet is analyzed the performance of the system will not suffer to much, such systems run very fast as a rule. IDS Techniques There are four basic techniques used to detect intruders: anomaly detection, misuse detection (signature detection), target monitoring, and stealth probes. 1) Anomaly Detection Designed to uncover abnormal patterns of behavior, the IDS establishes a baseline of normal usage patterns, and anything that widely deviates from it gets flagged as a possible intrusion. What is considered to be an anomaly can vary, but normally, any incident that occurs on frequency greater than or less than two standard deviations from the statistical norm raise an eyebrow? An example of this would be if a user logs on and off of a machine 20 times a day instead of the normal 1 or 2. Also, if a computer is used at 2:00 AM when normally no one outside of business hours should have access, this should raise some suspicions. At another level, anomaly detection can investigate user patterns, such as profiling the programs executed daily. If a user in the graphics department suddenly starts accessing accounting programs or compiling code, the system can properly alert its administrators. 2) Misuse Detection or Signature Detection Commonly called signature detection, this method uses specifically known patterns of unauthorized behavior to predict and detect subsequent similar attempts. These specific patterns are called signatures. For host-based intrusion detection, one example of a signature is three failed logins. For network intrusion detection, a signature can be as simple as a specific pattern that matches a portion of a network packet. For instance, packet content signatures and/or header content signatures can indicate unauthorized actions, such as improper FTP initiation. The occurrence of a signature might not signify an actual attempted unauthorized access (for example, it can be an honest mistake), but it is a good idea to take each alert seriously. Depending on the robustness and seriousness of a signature that is triggered, some alarm, response, or notification should be sent to the proper authorities. 3) Target Monitoring These systems do not actively search for anomalies or misuse, but instead look for the modification of specified files. This is more of a corrective control, designed to uncover an unauthorized action after it occurs in order to reverse it. One way to check for the covert editing of files is by computing a cryptographic hash beforehand and comparing this to new hashes of the file at regular intervals. This type of system is the easiest to implement, because it does not require constant monitoring by the administrator. Integrity checksum hashes can be computed at whatever intervals you wish, and on either all files or just the mission/system critical files. 4) Stealth Probes This technique attempts to detect any attackers that choose to carry out their mission over prolonged periods of time. Attackers, for example, will check for system vulnerabilities and open ports over a two-month period, and wait another two months to actually launch the attacks. Stealth probes collect a wide-variety of data throughout the system, checking for any methodical attacks over a long period of time. They take a wide-area sampling and attempt to discover any correlating attacks. In effect, this method combines anomaly detection and misuse detection in an attempt to uncover suspicious activity. v IDS strength and Limitation (weaknesses) Strength of IDSs Current intrusion detection product have some strength that one must be aware of before undertaking an IDS deployment. A strong IDS Security Policy is the HEART of commercial IDS. Provides worthwhile information about malicious network traffic. Can be programmed to minimize damage. A useful tool for ones Network Security Armory. Help identify the source of the incoming probes or attacks. Can collect forensic evidence, which could be used to identify intruders. Similar to a security camera or a burglar alarm. Alert security personnel that someone is picking the lock. Alerts security personal that a Network Invasion maybe in progress. When well cond, provides a certain peace of mind. Part of a Total Defense Strategy infrastructure. Limitations of IDSs Current intrusion detection products have limitations that one must be aware of before undertaking an IDS deployment. Despite vendor claims, most IDSs do not scale well as enterprise-wide solutions. The problems include the lack of sufficient integration with other security tools and sophisticated network management systems, the inability of IDSs to assess and visualize enterprise-level threats, and the inability of organizations to investigate the large number of alarms generated by hundreds or thousands of IDS sensors. Many IDSs create a large number of false positives that waste administrators time and may even initiate damaging automated responses. While almost all IDSs are marketed as real time systems, during heavy network or host activity, IDS may take several minutes before reporting and automatically responding to an attack. IDSs usually cannot detect newly published attacks or variants of existing attacks. This can be a serious problem as 30-40 new computer attacks are posted on the Web every month. An attacker may simply wait for a new attack to be posted and then quickly penetrate a target network. IDSs automated responses are often ineffective against sophisticated attackers. They usually stop novice hackers but, improperly cond, can hurt a network by interrupting legitimate network traffic. IDSs must be monitored by skilled computer security personnel in order to achieve maximum benefits and to understand the significance of what the IDS detects. IDS maintenance and monitoring can use a substantial amount of personnel resources. Many IDSs are not failsafe; that is, they are not well protected from attack or subversion. Many IDSs do not have user interfaces that allow users to spot cooperative or coordinated attacks. v Deploying an IDSs The network intrusion detection systems are in the process of becoming a standard information security safeguard. Together with firewalls and vulnerability scanners, intrusion detection is one of the pillars of modern computer security. While the IDS field is still in motion, several classes of products have formed. Most IDS products loosely fall into network IDS (NIDS) and host IDS (HIDS). Network IDS usually monitors the entire subnet for network attacks against machines connected to it, using a database of attack signatures or a set of algorithms to detect anomalies in network traffic (or both). Alerting and attacks analysis might be handled by a different machine that collects the information from several sensors, possibly correlating IDS alerts with other data. It appears that stateful and protocol-aware signature-based network IDS is still the most widely deployed type of intrusion detection. Simplified management and the availability of inexpensive NIDS appliances together with dominance of network-based attacks are believed to be the primary reasons for that. In this brief article we will review several important mistakes companies make while planning and deploying the IDS systems. In addition to the obvious mistake (0th, I guess :-)) of not evaluating and deploying the IDS technology at all, the issues we cover often decrease or even eliminate the added value the companies might otherwise derive from running an intrusion detection systems. Since we already covered the trivial case of not using an IDS, we discuss is using it without giving it an ability to see all the network traffic. In other words, deploying the network IDS without sufficient infrastructure planning. Network IDS might be deployed on the network choke point (such as right inside or outside the firewall), on the appropriate internal network segment or in the DMZ to see important traffic. For the shared Ethernet-based networks IDS will see all the network traffic within the Ethernet collision domain or subnet and also destined to and from the subnet, but no more. For the switched networks, there are several IDS deployment scenarios which utilize special switch capabilities such as port mirroring or spanning. Additionally, one might procure an IDS integrated with a switch, such as Cisco IDS blade. When the IDS are deployed appropriately, but nobody is looking at the alerts it generates. This one is actually much more common than it seems. It is well-known that IDS is a detection technology, and it never promised to be a shoot-and-forget means of thwarting attacks. While in some cases, the organization might get away with dropping the firewall in place and configuring the policy, such deployment scenario never works for the intrusion detection. If IDS alerts are reviewed only after a successful compromise, the system turns into an overpriced incident response helper tool clearly not what the technology designers had in mind. It still helps, but isnt it better to learn about the attack from the IDS rather then from angry customers? Being the form of monitoring and network audit technology, IDS still (and likely always will, unless its intelligence improves by orders of magnitude) requires a skilled personnel to run. Network IDS is deployed, sees all the traffic and there is a moderately intelligent somebody reviewing the alert stream. No more mistakes? Far from it! What is a response policy for each event type? Does the person viewing the alerts know what is the best course of action needed for each event (if any)? How to tell normal events from anomalous and malicious? What events are typically false positives (alerts being triggered on benign activity) and false alarms (alerts being triggered on attacks that cannot harm the target systems) in the protected environment? How to gather the required context information to answer the above? Unless the above questions are answered in advance by means of a response process, it is likely that no intelligent action is being taken based on IDS alerts a big mistake by itself. All the previous pitfalls are avoided and the NIDS is humming along nicely. However, the staff monitoring the IDS starts to get flooded with alerts. They know what to do for each alert, but how quickly they can take action after receiving the 10,000th alert on a given day? Unfortunately, current network IDS systems have to be tuned for the environment. While the detailed guide for IDS tuning is beyond the scope of this article, two general approaches are commonly used. One approach is to enable all possible IDS rules and spend several days flooded with alerts, analyzing them and reducing the rule set accordingly. This route is more appropriate for internal network IDS deployment. Another solution is to reduce the rule set to only watch the risky services. This works better in a highly secure DMZ setup where all machines are carefully audited and hardened. This is simply not accepting the inherent limitations of network IDS technology. While anomaly-based IDS systems might potentially detect an unknown attack, most signature based IDS will miss a new exploit if there is no rule written for it. IDS systems have to be frequently updated with vendor signature updates. Even if updates are applied on a timely schedule, the exploits which are unknown to the IDS vendor will likely not be caught by the signature-based system. 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